Climate Change Resource Center

Some elements of climate change, including higher temperatures and air pollution, impact mental health directly. Hotter weather is linked to increased mental health crises, violence, and self-harm. In children and adolescents specifically, days of extreme heat are associated with more mental health-related emergency department visits and hospital admissions, more aggressive behavior in pre-teens, and higher rates of suicide among adolescents and young adults. Heat can also impair sleep, and has been shown to make it harder for children to learn in school. Air pollution, including smoke from wildfires, has been linked to a wide range of mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, and dementia, and to increases in mental health emergency visits among children in the days after smoke exposure. There are also growing data, including several recent meta-analyses, indicating that exposure to air pollution during important periods of development, including for fetuses in utero, is associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental problems like Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder in childhood.

Climate change also affects mental health indirectly, as extreme weather and related events including hurricanes, floods, and wildfires become more common and more severe. Living through a climate-related disaster can lead to experiencing a range of traumas, and can increase the risk of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. In a large survey of U.S. high school students, those with the greatest exposure to climate disasters had roughly 20-25% higher odds of mental distress, with the strongest effects in the two years after the event.

Climate change also is causing more severe and frequent slow-moving disasters, like droughts, famines, and loss of land due to rising seas or expanding deserts. These events can cause long-term, chronic stress that negatively impacts individuals and whole communities.

Other indirect mental health effects of climate change come from ripple effects of the changing natural world around us. As temperatures change, the places where insects and other disease-carrying vectors live change too. This means that in many areas, people will be exposed to diseases that they currently do not encounter, including some with effects on the brain. It has also been shown that many crops grown in higher levels of carbon dioxide have less protein and absorb fewer micronutrients. In areas without fortified foods, these changes may lead to significant nutritional deficiencies with mental health effects, including depression and developmental delays.

Finally, climate change is a major source of emotional distress. There are many negative feelings commonly associated with climate change, including fear, anxiety, anger, betrayal, guilt, helplessness, hopelessness, and grief. Young people are more likely than adults to experience these negative feelings, and they are also more likely to feel that these feelings impact their daily lives and their decision-making. In a 10-country survey of 16-25 year olds, 59% were very or extremely worried about climate change and 45% said their feelings about it negatively affected their daily life. In a 2024 survey of nearly 16,000 U.S. youth ages 16-25, 85% were at least moderately worried, 38% said their feelings affected their daily functioning, and a majority said climate change would influence where they live and whether to have children. This phenomenon is broadly referred to as "climate distress."

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Anxiety is a healthy, adaptive reaction to a dangerous or threatening situation. Anxiety alerts us to danger and gives us time to react and prepare. It is natural to feel worried and sad when confronted with how climate change and other forms of ecological breakdown are impacting us and our world today, and how this disruption and loss will escalate in the future. Research also shows that climate anxiety is distinct from generalized anxiety or depression: many young people with significant climate anxiety have no other mental health condition, and climate anxiety is often driven by realistic appraisal of the problem and by frustration with inadequate government action.

While feeling anxious about climate change is normal, and should not be minimized, coping with that anxiety and other difficult emotions is important. Overwhelming anxiety can lead to paralysis or avoidance – responses that can interfere with the system-level work needed for us to adapt to the climate crisis. Coping can allow us to feel empowered to take action to protect ourselves and the planet.

For some young people, anxiety or distress about climate change -- like any source of stress -- can become severe or interfere with functioning. Depending on how the question is asked, surveys find that between one in five and nearly half of young people report that climate emotions interfere with their daily life, and climate anxiety is more common among adolescents who also have an anxiety disorder or depression. Signs that a young person may need more support include trouble with sleep, difficulty in school or other activities, inability to find enjoyment, hopelessness, or thoughts of self-harm. In this case, it is important to connect with treatment. If a young person is in crisis or thinking about suicide, call or text 988 (the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline) in the United States.

Model Your Own Healthy Coping: As with any stressor, young people can sense when adults are feeling worried or when they intentionally avoid a topic. Oftentimes, avoidance leads to more anxiety or stress for children than it would to talk about the topic directly – even when the topic itself is challenging or distressing.

Caregivers need to cope with their own potentially strong or negative feelings about climate change in order to effectively help the young people in their lives. Many of the suggestions listed here about how to support children with climate distress are equally good for adult caregivers.

Monitor Media Sources and Exposure: Staying informed and educated about climate change is important. It can be a healthy way of managing worry or sadness and of identifying opportunities to take action. At the same time, there is an overwhelming amount of online content about climate change, including a great deal of “click-bait.”

“Doom Scrolling,” or consuming lots of negative online content, can masquerade as climate engagement or activism. Usually, it is actually a form of avoidance and doesn’t make anyone feel better, nor does it typically inspire action. Adults should be aware of their own sources of information, and help older children monitor and assess the way they are interacting with this content. Putting a time limit on social media engagement, or choosing to get information from only a few trusted sources, can be a way to stay informed without becoming overwhelmed and paralyzed.

For younger children, it is important to monitor exposure to all potentially scary or distressing news media, regardless of topic. Sources should be trustworthy and it is important to have a trusted adult to ask questions and help interpret information. Caregivers can proactively provide age-appropriate information about climate change (see resources) to help children gain understanding and, hopefully, a sense of agency.

Listen Without Minimizing: Climate change is a real threat to everyone, and especially to young people. As parents or other adult caregivers, it can be hard to hear youth talk about their distress and resist jumping in to provide reassurance – which can feel like minimizing.

Adults can help by validating young people’s concerns, listening and being curious about their thoughts, while also demonstrating adult commitment to taking action and supporting whatever action young people are motivated to take part in. Tools such as the Climate Emotions Wheel (see Related Websites) can help children and teens find words for what they are feeling.

Take and Support Collective Action:

Mounting evidence indicates that specifically collective action -- joining with a group of peers or community members -- helps improve engagement on environmental issues and makes climate distress less impairing. There are many effective climate action groups, including organizers specifically for parents and caregivers (e.g., Mothers Out Front, Moms Clean Air Force) or specific to a given interest or affiliation (e.g., neighborhood groups, occupation-specific groups, or groups within a faith-based community). Spaces designed for sharing climate emotions, such as "climate cafés" (including cafés for parents and for young people), can complement action and help prevent burnout.

Modeling adult climate action can be a potent way to help young people cope with their climate distress and feel like they have not been left to address climate change on their own. It is also a way to target the core problem: our ongoing reliance on fossil fuels that is driving climate change itself. Supporting young people who want to get involved is also essential, and there are many youth-led organizations that are at the forefront of the climate movement.